Bridge to transplant in single-ventricle anatomy: subpulmonary support with EXCOR® ventricular assist device associated with pulmonary artery reconstruction.

Patients with single ventricle continue to be a challenge for heart transplantation (HTx). A poor clinical condition, previous multiple surgical procedures, and possible allosensitization lead to an increased risk of complications. The results have improved in recent series (1). However, patients with preserved ventricular function continues to have a higher rate of mortality (2). Additionally, there are often anatomical alterations of the pulmonary arteries that complicate the surgery (1,3). This report presents a case of tricuspid atresia with pulmonary preassures that contraindicated Fontan surgery, with unfavorable anatomy of the central PAs and a poor clinical situation, in which an EXCOR® VAD (Berlin Heart) was used for subpulmonary mechanical circulatory support (MCS), associated with pulmonary bifurcation reconstruction, as a bridge to HTx.

Short- and long-term survival of children treated with ventricular assist devices in Spain, based on 15 years' experience.

OBJECTIVES: To describe the use of ventricular assist devices (VAD) in children in Spain and to identify variables related to survival. METHODS: This is an observational cohort study of all children younger than 18 years of age who underwent an initial implantation of a VAD at any of the 6 paediatric heart transplant centres from May 2006 to December 2020. Subjects were identified retrospectively from each hospital's database. RESULTS: Paracorporeal VADs were implanted in 118 children [pulsatile (63%), continuous (30.5%) or both types (5.9%)]. Small children (<0.7 m2 of body surface area) comprised the majority of this cohort (63.3%). Overall, 67% survived to VAD explantation, and 64.9% survived to hospital discharge. Non-central nervous system haemorrhage (39%) and stroke (38.1%) were the most common complications. Body weight <5 kg, congenital heart disease, pre-implantation bilirubin >34 µmol/l and bridge to decision strategy were associated with a higher mortality at hospital discharge and in the long-term. Interagency registry for mechanically assisted circulatory support (INTERMACS) status 1 and cardiac arrest prior to VAD implantation were related to long-term mortality, whereas pre-implantation renal replacement therapy and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation were not related to mortality. CONCLUSIONS: In Spain, 67% of the VAD-supported children have been bridged to heart transplantation or to recovery. Body weight lower than 5 kg, congenital heart disease diagnosis, cholestatic liver dysfunction, bridge to decision as VAD strategy, INTERMACS-1 status and cardiac arrest were pre-implantation variables related to mortality, whereas pre-implantation renal replacement therapy and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation were not.

Predictive Factors for Pulmonary Homograft Dysfunction After Ross Surgery: A 20-Year Follow-up.

BACKGROUND: We studied the determinants of hemodynamics and analyzed the incidence, risk factors, and clinical impact of pulmonary homograft dysfunction following Ross surgery, after a 20-year follow-up at our referral center. METHODS: From 1997 to 2017, a total of 142 patients underwent surgery using the Ross procedure. The development of moderate-severe stenosis (peak transhomograft pressure gradient 36 mm Hg or greater) and surgical or percutaneous Ross homograft reinterventions were evaluated by echocardiography in the immediate postoperative period and at annual intervals. RESULTS: After 20 years of follow-up, 31% of patients had moderate-severe homograft stenosis, and 9.1% had had to undergo one or two reinterventions, of which, six were valve replacements and seven were percutaneous interventions. At 1, 5, and 20 years, 89.4%, 74.6%, and 69% of these patients, respectively, were free from moderate-severe stenosis; and 99.3%, 95.7%, and 90.9%, respectively, had freedom from homograft reintervention. The pediatric group had a higher risk factor for homograft stenosis (hazard ratio 3.70; 95% confidence interval, 1.56 to 7.20, P = .002), whereas donor age behaved as a protective factor (hazard ratio 0.98; 95% confidence interval, 0.95 to 0.99; P = .044). Pulmonary homograft stenosis tended to appear in the first year (10.6%) or at 5 years (25.4%). CONCLUSIONS: Pulmonary homografts implanted in the Ross procedure offer satisfactory long-term results, but the level of homograft dysfunction is not negligible. Young recipient and donor age were associated with a higher rate of homograft stenosis during follow-up. Moreover, homograft dysfunction usually occurred during the first few years of follow-up, and may have been related to immune responses.

Biomarcadores cardiacos en el síndrome de bajo gasto cardiaco en el posoperatorio de cirugía de cardiopatías congénitas en niños / Cardiac biomarkers of low cardiac output syndrome in the postoperative period after congenital heart disease surgery in children

Introducción y objetivos: Determinar el valor del péptido natriurético auricular, el péptido natriurético cerebral, la copeptina, la región medial de la proadrenomedulina (MR-proADM) y la troponina I cardiaca (cTn-I) como indicadores de síndrome de bajo gasto cardiaco posoperatorio en niños con cardiopatía congénita intervenidos en circulación extracorpórea (CEC).Métodos: Estudio piloto prospectivo observacional, realizado durante 2 años, que incluyó a 117 niños (edad, 10 días-180 meses) intervenidos de cardiopatías congénitas en CEC, clasificados según presentaran o no síndrome de bajo gasto cardiaco. Los biomarcadores se determinaron tras 2, 12, 24 y 48 h del posoperatorio. Se utilizó un modelo de regresión logística multivariable para evaluar los factores asociados al bajo gasto cardiaco. Resultados: Tenían síndrome de bajo gasto cardiaco 33 pacientes (29%). Tras el ajuste por las demás variables, los valores plasmáticos de cTn-I > 14 ng/ml a las 2 h de CEC (odds ratio = 4,05; intervalo de confianza del 95%, 1,29-12,64; p = 0,016) y de MR-proADM > 1,5 nmol/l a las 24 h (odds ratio = 15,54; intervalo de confianza del 95%, 4,41-54,71; p < 0,001) fueron los únicos predictores independientes de bajo gasto cardiaco.Conclusiones: Los resultados indican que las concentraciones de cTn-I elevadas 2 h después de la CEC son, por sí solas, un predictor independiente de síndrome de bajo gasto cardiaco. Este valor predictivo se incrementa cuando se asocia con cifras de MR-proADM elevadas 24 h tras CEC. Estos 2 biomarcadores cardiacos podrían ayudar en la toma de decisiones terapéuticas en cuidados intensivos pediátricos, incluidas modificaciones en el tipo de soporte circulatorio (AU)

Introduction and objectives: To assess the predictive value of atrial natriuretic peptide, β-type natriuretic peptide, copeptin, mid-regional pro-adrenomedullin (MR-proADM) and cardiac troponin I (cTn-I) as indicators of low cardiac output syndrome in children with congenital heart disease undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Methods: After corrective surgery for congenital heart disease under CPB, 117 children (aged 10 days to 180 months) were enrolled in a prospective observational pilot study during a 2-year period. The patients were classified according to whether they developed low cardiac output syndrome. Biomarker levels were measured at 2, 12, 24, and 48 hours post-CPB. The clinical data and outcome variables were analyzed by a multiple logistic regression model. Results: Thirty-three (29%) patients developed low cardiac output syndrome (group 1) and the remaining 84 (71%) patients were included in group 2. cTn-I levels > 14 ng/mL at 2 hours after CPB (OR, 4.05; 95%CI, 1.29-12.64; P = .016) and MR-proADM levels > 1.5 nmol/L at 24 hours following CPB (OR, 15.54; 95%CI, 4.41-54.71; P < .001) were independent predictors of low cardiac output syndrome. Conclusions: Our results suggest that cTn-I at 2 hours post-CPB is, by itself, an evident independent early predictor of low cardiac output syndrome. This predictive capacity is, moreover, reinforced when cTn-I is combined with MR-proADM levels at 24 hours following CPB. These 2 cardiac biomarkers would aid in therapeutic decision-making in clinical practice and would also enable clinicians to modify the type of support to be used in the pediatric intensive care unit (AU)

Cardiac Biomarkers of Low Cardiac Output Syndrome in the Postoperative Period After Congenital Heart Disease Surgery in Children.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: To assess the predictive value of atrial natriuretic peptide, ß-type natriuretic peptide, copeptin, mid-regional pro-adrenomedullin (MR-proADM) and cardiac troponin I (cTn-I) as indicators of low cardiac output syndrome in children with congenital heart disease undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). METHODS: After corrective surgery for congenital heart disease under CPB, 117 children (aged 10 days to 180 months) were enrolled in a prospective observational pilot study during a 2-year period. The patients were classified according to whether they developed low cardiac output syndrome. Biomarker levels were measured at 2, 12, 24, and 48 hours post-CPB. The clinical data and outcome variables were analyzed by a multiple logistic regression model. RESULTS: Thirty-three (29%) patients developed low cardiac output syndrome (group 1) and the remaining 84 (71%) patients were included in group 2. cTn-I levels >14 ng/mL at 2hours after CPB (OR, 4.05; 95%CI, 1.29-12.64; P=.016) and MR-proADM levels>1.5 nmol/L at 24hours following CPB (OR, 15.54; 95%CI, 4.41-54.71; P<.001) were independent predictors of low cardiac output syndrome. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that cTn-I at 2hours post-CPB is, by itself, an evident independent early predictor of low cardiac output syndrome. This predictive capacity is, moreover, reinforced when cTn-I is combined with MR-proADM levels at 24hours following CPB. These 2 cardiac biomarkers would aid in therapeutic decision-making in clinical practice and would also enable clinicians to modify the type of support to be used in the pediatric intensive care unit.

Heart transplantation in a patient with recurrent early extensive endocarditis.

Active valvular endocarditis could be considered a contraindication to heart transplantation. Nevertheless, there have been some reports of success with this form of treatment, despite the characteristics of the infection and its aggressive nature. Here, we describe the case of a patient with acute bicuspid aortic valvular endocarditis caused by Staphylococcus aureus and with a periannular abscess. Cryopreserved aortic homograft replacement of the aortic root was initially carried out, in addition to debridement and reconstruction of the interventricular septum with a pericardial patch. Early recurrence occurred, however, with extensive tissue destruction, a periaortic abscess and involvement of multiple valves, associated with severe sepsis. In view of the failure of 'conventional' surgery, an emergency heart transplantation was decided on after discussing the case with the Spanish National Transplant Organization (ONT), because of the theoretical contraindication of transplantation in this case. Transplantation was finally carried out after a waiting period of 3 days, in emergency code conditions, and the postoperative course proved uneventful, with no reinfection during the follow-up period. The present case suggests that heart transplantation may be an alternative option in patients suffering aggressive endocarditis with extensive involvement of the heart structures.

[Incidence and clinical impact of pulmonary homograft dysfunction after the Ross procedure]. / Incidencia e impacto clínico de la estenosis del homoinjerto pulmonar tras el procedimiento de Ross.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: We analyzed the incidence, risk factors and clinical impact of pulmonary homograft dysfunction after the Ross procedure in our patients. PATIENTS AND METHOD: All patients were evaluated at 3, 6 and 12 months, and annually thereafter. Patients with a transhomograft pressure gradient greater than 30 mmHg were referred for cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. RESULTS: At the end of the study, 9 patients (11.8%) showed a transhomograft pressure gradient >30 mmHg after a mean period of 15.3 months post-surgery. Mean transhomograft pressure gradient was 19.8 (16.2%) (range, 2-100 mmHg). All patients were in functional class I, except 2 who were in New York Heart Association class II with severe stenosis. These 2 patients were treated percutaneously with stent placement and no reoperation. No association was found between clinical outcome and sex, age or homograft diameter. We found a trend toward greater perioperative use of plasma, platelets and red cells in the group of patients in comparison to controls, although the difference was significant only for postoperative use of plasma (1.7 [3] vs 5.5 [5.3] units; P<0.05). Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging showed stenosis predominantly in the body of the homograft, whereas the valvular component itself remained competent. Right ventricular hypertrophy was mild or very mild in 7 patients and moderate in 2. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of some degree of pulmonary homograft dysfunction after the Ross procedure was non-negligible, but its clinical impact seems to be slight. Patients with severe stenosis were treated successfully via a percutaneous approach. The use of blood products might be a risk factor for the development of this complication.

Incidencia e impacto clínico de la estenosis del homoinjerto pulmonar tras el procedimiento de Ross / Incidence and clinical impact of pulmonary homograft dysfunction after the Ross procedure

Introducción y objetivos. Estudiamos la incidencia, los factores de riesgo y el impacto clínico de la estenosis del homoinjerto pulmonar tras la intervención de Ross en nuestra serie clínica. Pacientes y método. El seguimiento se realizó a los 3, 6 y 12 meses, y después anualmente. Los pacientes con gradiente a través del homoinjerto pulmonar > 30 mmHg fueron sometidos a una resonancia magnética cardíaca. Resultados. De los 76 pacientes intervenidos, 9 (11,8 por ciento) presentaron un homoinjerto pulmonar > 30 mmHg una media de 15,3 meses después de la intervención. El gradiente medio fue de 19,8 ñ 16,2 mmHg (rango, 2-100). Todos los pacientes se encontraban en grado funcional I de la New York Heart Association excepto 2, que estaban en grado funcional II con estenosis severa y fueron tratados percutáneamente con stents, sin necesidad de reoperación. No encontramos asociación con el sexo, la edad ni el diámetro del homoinjerto. El uso de hemoderivados (hematíes, plasma y plaquetas) fue mayor en el grupo afectado que en el de control, si bien no alcanzó significación estadística, a excepción del uso de plasma en cuidados intensivos (1,7 ñ 3 frente a 5,5 ñ 5,3 unidades; p < 0,05). El estudio con resonancia magnética cardíaca demostró afección eminentemente del cuerpo de homoinjerto, con aparato valvular competente. La repercusión en el ventrículo derecho fue muy leve-leve (n = 7) o moderada (n = 2).Conclusiones. La incidencia de disfunción del homoinjerto pulmonar no es desdeñable, si bien el impacto clínico parece ser muy discreto y los casos severos se controlan satisfactoriamente de forma percutánea. El uso de hemoderivados podría ser un factor de riesgo para el desarrollo de esta complicación (AU)

Embolia en cavidades cardiacas derechas: Aspectos diagnósticos y terapéuticos / Right heart chambers embolism. Diagnostic and therapeutic aspects

La trombosis venosa profunda puede causar embolias pulmonares. En raras ocasiones, la embolización se produce, no directamente en el árbol arterial pulmonar, sino en las cavidades cardiacas derechas. Aunque el valor de la ecocardiografía en el diagnóstico es bien reconocido, actualmente no existe consenso en cuanto al tratamiento apropiado. Presentamos seis casos de trombo flotante en aurícula derecha, diagnosticado por ecocardiografía, en pacientes con embolias pulmonares o con shock o síncope sin causa evidente. Se realizó embolectomía quirúrgica en 4 pacientes, y tratamiento fibrinolítico en 2, sin mortalidad hospitalaria. La elevada mortalidad asociada con esta patología puede reducirse con un diagnóstico ecocardiográfico rápido y un tratamiento emergente con fibrinolisis o cirugía. Nuestros datos sugieren la posible utilización de la fibrinolisis como tratamiento de primera elección en casos seleccionados